Bethel University GPA, SAT Scores and ACT Scores

 the Expansion of Ancient Egypt and Its Historical...

The Expansion of Ancient Egypt and Its Historical Significance Introduction The external expansion of Ancient Egypt, traditionally, consisted of two areas: Libya on the north, especially Palestine and Syria; Nubia on the south. What Egypt imposed on Nubia was the colonial rule, while its control of Palestine and Syria was loose. Egypt’s penetration to Nubia and West Asia could be divided into two stages, the Old Kingdom period and the Middle Kingdom period. The contact between Egypt and the region was limited to trade exchanges and sporadic military conflict. However, in the New Kingdom period, because of the increasing of the royal power and the strengthening of†¦show more content†¦The author of Biography said that: I conveyed King Djeserkare; I brought back two female slaves... ...† 3 There is a little record in Pharaoh Thutmose era about the conquest of Nubia, and the most 1 2 M.Lichtheim , Ancient Egyptian Literature, University of California Press,1973,1976. Vol.1.pp.23†27 J.H.Brested, Ancient Records of Egypt, New York,1962,vol,II,pp.8〠9 3 J.H.Brested, Ancient Records of Egypt, New York,1962, vol,II,pp.17〠18 important thing is the granite stone, standing on the cliff of the mountain Gebel Barkal, in the 4th waterfall of the Nile, which indicates that before his death, the Egyptians had expanded so far to Kush, and established the fortress city in Napata. As can be seen from the above facts, Egypt’s control over Nubia has transformed from the initial trade relationship4 to the direct military control, and established a similar administrative system there, making the Nubia Egyptianized thoroughly. Part Two, the Expansion of Ancient Egypt in Western Asia Egypt’s expansion in WesternShow MoreRelatedThe Conquest of Greece by the Roman Empire and the Success of Mystery Religions771 Words   |  4 PagesThe successes of mystery religions in the Roman world were greatly influenced by the Roman expansion, especially the conquest of Greece by the Roman Empire where their cultures and traditions were adopted and modified (Per ry et al. 2013, p. 122). This was the foremost reason of the initial spread of mystery religions, especially the cult of Hellenised Isis, in Rome. In addition, the political trade involving grains and slaves also played a significant role in the extended reach of the HellenisedRead MoreThe Death And The Afterlife Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesin temples. Priests had plenty of power because the gods were often feared. Most Egyptians did not actually love the gods, but feared their wrath. Commoners could occasionally attend ceremonies. At these ceremonies animals were often sacrificed. Ancient Egyptians believed that if they lived a good life that they would be allowed to live in a paradise in death. When an Egyptian would die, they would be mummified. Properly burying and preserving the body was very important because they believed thatRead More Cleopatra as a Historical Figure Essay2549 Words   |  11 PagesCleopatra as a Historical Figure In hieroglyphs, the name reads â€Å"Kleopadra†. It is a name which in Greek means â€Å"Glory of Her Race† (Weigall, 44). It is a name belonging to a woman who has transcended the boundaries of time so that we may know her story. What better way to describe Cleopatra, the last Queen of Egypt, Ruler of the Nile, sent from the Gods themselves to lead her people, than â€Å"Glory of Her Race†? Cleopatra, the last ruling descendant of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, has arguably unparalleledRead MoreRome s Transformation From Republic1584 Words   |  7 Pagesyears following the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar. Augustus became one of Rome’s greatest leaders and he established the principate, the form of government under which Rome ruled its empire for many years. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Caesar Augustus, was born Gaius Julius Octavius in Rome, Italy and was alive from 63 BC - AD 14. Augustus’ father, also called Gaius Octavius, was the governor of Macedonia, and his mother was the niece of Julius Caesar. Octavian grew upRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Food History 2298 Words   |  10 Pages Berg Olsen Fall 2014 History of Olive Oil and its Prevalence In Spain As the ALSA bus rounded each curve, I looked out to the olive trees that spread as far as the eye could see, their straggly branches performing an ancient charade. Their geometric arrangement upon the hilly plots of arid land was picturesque. It was summer in Andalucà ­a, Southern Spain, and the hot Spanish sun beat down vaporizing any bit of moisture left by the morning dew. As the bus pulled overRead MoreThe Artifacts Of The Past2785 Words   |  12 Pageswhich their possession of artefacts showcase the dispossession of cultural identity from the colonised, robbing the motif behind acquired objects. This works in conjunction with the idea that when an ancient work of art is removed from its original setting, its aesthetic and historical significance is abandoned in favour of becoming an item of archaeology. However, arguments against this idea regard the notion of cultural property as a pure myth, as such artefacts are deemed inessential and irrelevantRead MoreHistory 101 Stu dy Guide Essay1782 Words   |  8 Pages[pic] He was probably a hunter or a shepherd who was accustomed to spending months each year in the high country. He pulled an arrow out of his skin, causing him to bleed out.[pic] What common characteristic was shared by primal civilizations in Egypt, Sumer, China, and India?[pic] They sprang up on rivers. [pic]What is the rich alluvial land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers known as?[pic] Mesopotamia [pic]Historians speculate that the shift from hunting and gathering to farming andRead MoreEssay Designing a Gas Pipeline1929 Words   |  8 Pagesgathering system which leads to lower prices to the customer and causes profits. This study considers three main problems in designing pipeline networks expansion. The first problem is the selection of pipeline network diameters, the second problem, is the design of pipeline system, given gas field locations and requirements, third problem the optimal expansions of a pipeline network. (Rothfarb, 1969) Consequently, pipeline needs maintenance, repair, monitoring, coating and inspection continuously to preventRead MoreAn Analysis of the Period from New Kingdom Egypt to the Death of Thutmose IV9330 Words   |  38 PagesAncient History- Historical Time Period: New Kingdom Egypt to the Death of Thutmose IV 1. Internal Developments: Impact of the Hyksos: political, economic, and technological Political: The second Intermediate Period was a time of great disunity in Egypt. There was no centralised rule with the country being broken up into independently administered regions. Hyksos sources are archaeological rather than written and are incomplete. Excavations at Tell el- Dab’a in the north-eastern Delta by ManfredRead MoreThe Marbles : British Museum Loan3096 Words   |  13 Pagesaffront to the Greek people † It was this headline about the British museum decision to loan Greek god Ilissos to Russia that caught my attention. I wondered how a nation like Britain that prided itself on it ethics blatantly refuses to return a historical item that was never theirs. Why would that not be considered stealing? As I delved further into Greece’s demand for repatriation, I began to notice a common theme that ran through most items with contested ownership. I pondered about Greece’s marbles

Improving Patient Care free essay sample

There is growing enthusiasm in the United States about the use of electronic medical records (EMRs) in outpatient settings. More than $20 billion of the federal economic stimulus (the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) is slated to assist physicians, hospitals, and other health care settings in adopting health information technology (Gill, 2009). The government wants to shift into the digital era and it is highly recommended that all hospitals become compliant by 2015 and has provided reimbursement incentives and an electronic medical records deadline for those who adopt electronic medical records (EMR) however, as with all government benefits, this electronic medical records mandate comes with strings attached. For those who do not meet the electronic medical records deadline for implementation, the government has laid out a series of penalties (2009). The EMR system is in place to help improve patient care and (EHRs) can improve the ability to diagnose diseases and reduce—even prevent—medical errors, improving patient outcomes. The role a Health Information management (HIM) has in helping to Improving Patient Care and Quality Utilizing the Electronic Health Record is a very important and detailed job for the health care professional. The HIM professionals will be invaluable to ensuring the appropriate interpretation and conversion of healthcare data related to many uses, including patient data, organizational effectiveness and efficiency, policy making, and reimbursement systems. For example, the implementation of ICD-10-CM/PCS and other terminology systems such as SNOMED CT will necessitate a better understanding of how data are collected, analyzed, and reported to ensure information is understandable and useable (AHIMA Task Force on Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety). Many places offer services to help patients in ensuring they have access to their medical information so they are able to keep track of their care. BJC for example has offered the use of â€Å"My Health Folders†, where employees can manage all their family’s medical information in one Web-based resource. My Health Folders provides a portal for health information such as allergies, medications, immunizations, surgeries, test results and family medical histories. It also stores emergency contact information and a list of the user’s doctors, pharmacies and insurance information. This is something that not only aids in the patient in emergent situations it also helps in aiding the patient in keeping track of their medical information; they are able to trend anything that is unusual or concerning. This was once just offered to the employees and families of BJH but now through a community project they are now offering this to other individuals. BJC, which is the state’s largest nonprofit employer, now offers the program to other nonprofit employers for no charge. For-profit companies can participate for a flat fee of $5 per employee who signs up for the program. BJC also is offering the program to the 141 hospitals in Missouri for free. Secondary uses of health data to evaluate and improve healthcare outcomes and costs have received increasing emphasis. Quality measures are now an integral part of value-based purchasing initiatives at the federal, state, and local level. In addition; quality and patient safety measures include a variety of coded data variables as part of their definition (AHIMA Task Force on Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety). The use of EHRs from the perspective of the health care community is going to come with many ups and downs. There are going to be people in every atmosphere that are hesitant with any kind of change even if it is for the better. Any health care worker that works in a critical care area will have to admit that the use of an EHR is not only useful but it is safe, quick and has many resources that help in promoting patient safety. The EHR systems facilitate patient safety and quality improvement through: use of checklists, alerts, and predictive tools; embedded clinical guidelines that promote standardized, evidence-based practices; electronic prescribing and test-ordering that reduce errors and redundancy; and discrete data fields that foster use of performance dashboards and compliance reports (Carroll, Edwards Rodin). Although there are a lot of systems out there that say they are the best and even the best systems have their kinks in them but at the end of the day the only thing that matters is the patient and the quality of care they have received all with the use of the EHR. The EHR is a way for physicians across the board to understand their patients and not have to try and interpret different note from other health care professionals involved with the care of a particular patient. A successful EHR comes with a lot of hard work and not just from the top management it takes the work and input from the patients, employees who are using the system at the front end and then finally how everything computes down the line. However as previously mentioned with every system they are pitfalls. EHRs consist of both structured and unstructured data, leaving a variety of opportunities for error. With recent government initiatives, such as meaningful use, there is increasing pressure for healthcare entities and providers to attest to quality healthcare data. In addition, the data should be trusted to support clinical, financial, and administrative decisions. Current Joint Commission Standards are crystal clear on this point: The governing body is ultimately accountable for the safety and quality of care, treatment and services (Grennnen, 2013). There is always room for growth and as times change so does the health care system and the needs of the patients and to continue to give the patient the best care possible with the growing use of electronic medical charting there needs to be teamwork amongst all health care professionals. One of the biggest limitations of the electronic medical system is the fact that not all hospitals or health care facilities are on the same system. This is something that in future the government and health care professionals hope to change. There are so many different systems that each office uses that works for that particular office however, that does not mean that system is compatible with other facilities or even all parts of the same hospital. At BJH we use Compass in some areas, Clinivision, HMED, MEdScripts, ClinDesk, and many more that I am not ever familiar with. This is a problem in many different places because all systems do not talk to one another meaning they do not transfer data within themselves. This is something that can lead to patient safety because then we have to start sending faxes and scanning medical information that can end up in the wrong hands if not done properly which leads to a HIPPA violation. If the hospital uses a different EHR system than your primary care physician, health records may not be available to the hospital, or vice versa from hospital to the physician. A glimpse into the future of EMR systems consist of: Every provider, in every state, will have the ability to create an EHR for their clients or patients. Patients will have the ability to access their entire record with a provider online through patient portals. Providers will be able to share patient data electronically and seamlessly. Information exchanges will be established to assure continuity of care no matter where the patient is. Public health officials will have access to â€Å"real time† epidemiology information (Roberts, 2012). The development of EHR is still not over. The government has shelled out over $3 billion in incentives to help provides meet the requirements needed to become compliant with EHR. There have been a lot of changes in the health care field over the past decade alone and yet since 2005 the changes have been more patient orientated in the ways of quality and proficiency. Yes there have been medical breakthroughs but that is not the only thing we have that will provide a patient with the quality of their care. A system in place to keep track of their medical care and the way the way we in the medical field take notice to keep their medical information safe and up to code with data is also a huge part of the patient quality of care. The government set everything out in stages to help people adapt to the changes slowly but it was a long process and now that 2014 has come we see that there are many more challenges ahead. There are so many venders that are within the EHR system and only a percentage of them are ready for any changes to take place for stage two in the government’s plan. There are many of the challenges from the EHR in stage 1 that will be changing with stage 2 of the meaningful use tools in regards to the charting and chart sharing among doctors. The need for interoperability is critical. Patient data needs to be shared across enterprises. Meaningful Use Stage 2 sets some requirements for vendors to be able to export and import summary patient data (via creation / consumption / transport of C-CDA standard documents). There will be a way to streamline all the data in a smoother, quick setting so everything does not look and come at you looking clumped together and then there should be a way so that the systems will not lag. The implementation process is already set up so now from here on out we will only be building the EHR. The EHR is here to stay and the future will be that we will be able to hopefully be able to come up with a way to share the data will all systems in a safe fashion as to keep all patient data secure and at our finger tips. The EHR is being pushed more and more and should not even be second nature at this point in time. Everyone for the most part within the health care society should be using some sort of electronic charting system. However because not all people are computer savvy and are hesitant in change they are experiencing some difficulties still. Not only are the employees in the health care society experiencing challenged older people are not so welcoming in knowing all their personal data is on an electronic device. Most of these people do not understand that these changes are all for the benefit of them. There have been many studies among nurses and physicians to see how they have adapted to the use of EHRs and their devices. The studies conclude that both nurses and physicians see the added value of integrating EHR into their daily practice,17,59,62 physicians and nurses differ in their incentives to use the EHR56 and in their speed of adoption. 63 These can be influenced by the fact that nurses tend to work in a single location and will therefore be more frequently exposed to the EHR in contrast to physicians who tend to work in several locations, both inside and outside the hospital. The degree of exposure to a newly implemented EHR may influence the learning curve and ability to become an efficient user more rapidly (Poissant). We learned that expectations of EHR implementation projects that documentation time will be decreased are unlikely to be fulfilled, especially with physicians. However, EHR and CPOE systems can generate time savings in other activities, such as accessing a patient chart or maintaining patients report forms. Consequently, assessing the impact of EHR on an ensemble of work processes and outputs such as the effectiveness of communications across care providers as measured by patient outcomes (e. g. , reduction in medication errors, lower readmission rates) could potentially generate favorable results that would then act as incentives to physicians. This suggests that a shift from the users efficiency to the organizations or even the systems efficiency is needed. Such a shift will require that the EHR be seen as a tool that can transform work processes and support innovation in care delivery (Poissant). The resources in this paper that I choose I looked at very thoroughly and read the data to make sure it fit the needs of the information required for this paper. I was very careful to use reliable and resourceful data that could be useful in gaining more knowledge of the Electronic Charting System. If I could take something away from all this information that I did not already know little or part of I would say I did not know that in 2014 we would hopefully find a way to go to universal charting. With my career choice I am hoping to learn as much about the charting systems and the laws that surround them so that I can be part of a team to initialize a community EHR for the hospital I work for. I have learned there are so many resources to pull information from and some are so outdated that we have already surpassed the data that they have out there. I looked for data that can give us a hint of what it takes to put together a safe environment for storing and accessing all patient data. I am a patient somewhere and I hope that all my information is secure and that someone has my best interest in mind when sharing my data with another physician if that is the case. In summary, the EMR is a promising tool for improving quality of care in primary care and other health care settings. The EMR can facilitate disease management both during and outside of office visits. The EMR can facilitate a team approach to care and can help patients become a more active part of their team.. As with any tool, it must be used correctly to fulfill its potential. There are many pitfalls that can result in the EMR not being used to its full potential and therefore becoming just an expensive system for storing patient charts or a mechanism that adds regulatory burden but does little to improve quality (Gill, 2009).

Observation of Nature Essay Example

Observation of Nature Essay Observation of Nature in my backyard. With my notebook in hand, I sit down on the swing bench on my back porch. Tuning into all my senses, I close my eyes, I slow my breathing, and I deepen my concentration. Free from visual distractions, I calm my mind and lay down to take in what I could observe through my auditory senses. I feel the warmth from the sunshine above. I feel the gentle breeze. I open my eyes and squint at the change in light. Eyes narrowed, I survey my surroundings. The clear sky didnt have a single cloud to block the rays of the radiant sun. As I began to relax, I could start to sense a feeling of peace as I gazed at the outstretched deep blue canopy above and felt the penetrating warmth that emanated from the sky. Every once in a while a cool breeze would pass by and ease away the suns intense heat bath for brief moment. A bee crawls on a beautiful lavender lilac, taking its pollen. It gracefully lifts itself into the air, its wings moving so fast it appears is if they’re standing still. I watch as it slowly moves from flower to flower. The chirping of the cicadas and crickets echo throughout the foliage. The flowers and plants gently sway in the wind. We will write a custom essay sample on Observation of Nature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Observation of Nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Observation of Nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I observe further still, doing my best not to move, just to take in the atmosphere. It’s truly marvelous, the detail and creativity of God’s creation. A bird hops on the ground; it looks up at me with its big blue eyes, full of so much curiosity. I look up at the beautifully vibrant blue sky; I see the clouds, so high above, each with their beautifully detailed shapes, slowly moving in the same direction as if the rest of the world is standing still. I stand up, barefoot, still in awe. I slowly walk forward, the boards creaking as I step off the deck and onto the soft soil of the lawn. The grass feels good between my toes. As I see all this happening around me, it finally sinks in how full of life my environment is, and how much I can find in somewhere as close as my backyard. I never took the time before to just peacefully sit and survey nature, analyzing it detail. It was an incredibly valuable experience and I now have a whole new appreciation for God’s creation. But more importantly, it has made me realize how distant I have been lately, and has given me both the need and the desire to draw closer to my heavenly Father.

Center-2279300 Essays - Human Resource Management, Business, Economy

Center-2279300 Essays - Human Resource Management, Business, Economy center-2279300 Location: Astana Course Code: HRM601 Course Name: Human Resource Management Professor: John W. Rogers Student(s) Name(s) : Akylbek Kalymzhan Cable Wireless case (2012) 1/ In your opinion, what should be the weaknesses of such a Group on the human side of business? Use disclosed facts as well as psycho-sociological and strategic elements to formulate your assessment. I would like to describe three main weaknesses of such a Group, which directly and indirectly influence the human side. In the part "The Strength of the Group" was written the actions of the company for the last several years, during this period company had aggressive strategy, because they were in process of acquiring the companies. In fact, it was a period of growth or MA period. As a result of MA, organization usually is enormously affected from the human side. First, company reduces its staff to be more efficient and effective, so layoff of superfluous employees is unavoidable. So, I think that CW fired people not only to meet financial results, but also to achieve managerial and strategic goals. Thousands of people lost their job, but this is not the worst if we consider this action from the point of management. The highest risk is a loss of key talented employees. Another one is diminished trust and uncertainty among workers. Second are different corporate cultures and management styles. Moreover, we do not know is there corporate culture or values in CW. Probably they do not have because company is young. Also, we do not know the mission and vision of the company, is there something what really drives people or motivate them to do something valuable. Third, new rules and procedures should be created, it can be rules of acquiring or acquired company or mix, but anyway employees will be affected by new policies. 2/ What is, in your point of view, the possible impact of their strategic alliances and partnership policy on the staff members? What are the inherent risks for any organization in this high-tech context? The strategic alliances and partnership policy has both advantages and disadvantages. First, knowledge exchange - employees from different partner companies can learn from each other. Second, exchange of technology - in highly competitive environment is good to have partners to implement new technologies or mastering them. On the other hand, there are some risks. Exchange of knowledge and technologies sometimes means information leak, the market is very competitive and new ideas can be stolen. Also, there is a risk of a loss of talented employees, because they can move to the partner's company. 3/ C W are recruiting and selecting a vast majority of young employees. What are the basics of a promotion/retention policy to manage and keep them? What do you do with left-over senior members? The management of the compa ny does a lot to keep employees; they do not eliminate costs on salaries or development . Their reward policy is good, because competitive with market standards and they offer different packages depending on the perform ance. Based on the performance, employees can be promoted. The promotion in the company is thoughtful and management always internally promotes employees. The retention policy for seniors and directors is good also, because benefit from shares or stock options. 4/ Describe in detail and analyze the impact of free access to Unions and possible quality of relationships within this UK organization. Justify your answers referring to the course and communication/information rules. Free access to Unions has pros and cons for company. Employees, who joined Unions, can have higher salary and legally allowed doing actions such as strikes . C ompany can decrease HR control, because promotion in the company based on the performance, but unions can make rules for such cases and instead of the most talented employee, company will be pushed to promote based on the other parameters rather than productivity or effectiveness. On the other hand, it is simpler to negotiate, because management should not communicate with everyone, and it is faster and more efficient. The level of employees' satisfaction is higher, because they have package of benefits: higher salary, protectiveness, better insurance etc. 5/ How do you imagine training and development needs in such an environment?

Who Will Write My Term Paper at Affordable Rates

Who Will Write My Term Paper at Affordable Rates Who Will Write My Term Paper at Affordable Rates? Understandably, student who have made their minds to order assistance always look for affordable, but high quality writing services since most of them are not employed or are part-time workers. Hectic student life leaves not much time for out-of-class activities and term papers consume much of their time because they demand adequate exposure on the subject under discussion. Who can write my term paper at affordable rates? desperate students need to submit their term papers before the stipulated deadlines. Term papers contribute a major share on students overall grading. This means that students have to give term papers their best shot in order to advance to the next learning level. College students are always assigned term papers at nearly the same time making it difficult for them to complete the papers in a quality fashion. Completing one term paper and immediately starting another can compromise quality of the subsequent paper. Students therefore need assistance on their term papers in order to score good grades. Our paper writing service agency employs fresh university graduates to assist clients in completing their assignments. Most of the term papers ordered from our paper writing service are from college hence writers find them easy to complete. Doing a term paper requires writers who have good research and writing skills. Term papers are assessments given to students to ascertain whether they have grasped the idea of the course or not. Doing term papers is therefore challenging because it requires the student to remember the concepts learned in class. We offer to help you with your term paper for cost-effective prices. Our writers are very cooperative and will help you any time of the day. Freelance writing agencies recognize that majority of students depend on their parents for upkeep. It is therefore upon the student to save some cash so that he/she can purchase term papers. Therefore, we have done everything possible to provide student in need with affordable, plagiarism free and high quality content. But you should also be considerate of the writers needs, high quality papers cannot be to cheap, as the writers need motivation to produce a good paper. A discouraged writer is likely to produce term papers of low quality, which will be of no use to you. Order with our custom writing service and we will help you with any kind of paper you have a hard time doing. Just fill in the order form in a few simple steps and pay for your order. Now you have some free time to spare on other activities while a suitable writer deals with your order. You wonder Who can write my term paper for me? Visit and order a custom term paper written by professional writers.

Enhancing Presentations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enhancing Presentations - Coursework Example These become easy given the fact that it only involves sorting of already prepared items. This cannot be hard at all as you only need to put the already prepared items in order so as to ensure your presentation goes on smoothly and that it doesn’t fail. On the other hand, the creating effective slides seem to be the hardest step to adhere to in the enhancing presentations with visuals process. This becomes the hardest step since it requires acquaintance or familiarity with certain skills necessary for making of the slides (Charlene, 2013). For instance, it requires critical visual skills in order to choose a favorable color that can be used in order to emphasize important slides. As it is necessary to use color consistently, it is also important that the choice of colors be made wisely and compatibility should be taken into consideration. Again, choosing of the background and foreground colors requires special skills that might not be easy to just have. Such skills therefore make this stage B to be the hardest to adhere to. In real life example, we can compare presentation with doing a painting. Collecting materials for the painting and any other backup program for that may not be such a hard task. However, if the materials are not well articulated where colors are not well matched, the painting may not come out well. Therefore, it is easy to complete slides and support materials, but it seems hard to make the slides

Risk Management model for Mitigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Management model for Mitigation - Essay Example However, there is an effective method of developing a records management system: first, it is crucial to determine the risks associated with the system. After identifying them, then determine the probability of the risk’s occurrence. After the risk’s occurrence capability, the potential impact of the risk should be analyzed. Next, each risk should have a response (mitigation) to counter it, if it occurs. This will lead the management to establish risk controls that can apply in suppressing the occurrence of risks, and finally, it is important and critical to keep track of the risk controls through measuring effectiveness, and monitoring them closely (Rush & Vednere, 2014). Taking the U.S. Department of Education as a case study, the following steps can apply in reducing the risks associated with records management (â€Å"Module A1: School Records†, 2014). There should be: Some records management projects collapse due to ignorance of the managing parties to figure out signs that indicate danger. Such include poor scoping of duties, roles and objectives, improper communication within the project, lack of a strong project manager, failure to weigh input and output metrics, a weak contingency or assessing plan, and losing track of the overall objectives (Haughney, 2014). These signs, if put into consideration, are a sure way of avoiding failure in a data management project. This is in regards to your recent letter requesting for an insight into the importance of our risk-based approach to effective record management. We are interested in advising our clients on quality services. Our model of records management works by highlighting the risks that your company might face in the practice and comes up with means of preventing, countering, or minimizing their potential effects. In addition, it comes with a monitoring and evaluation mechanism, hence enabling prediction of oncoming events (cite). This

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution Essay Example for Free

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution Essay In the 1850s, Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution. His theory proposed that species evolved gradually through subtle changes from one generation to the next by means of natural selection. By natural selection, the most desirable hereditary traits become more common from one generation to the next while the less desirable, weaker traits die out. This gives rise to an organism that is more capable—fitted to—of surviving in the surrounding environment. At the time Darwin formulated his idea beginning with his trip on the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, some scientists resorted to the idea that God had preordained life by natural laws rather than by miraculous feats. While logical and correct, the idea still refers to a divine power, indicating a religious bent, so perhaps it was obvious that the ideas addressed could lead to religious controversy. As is common in science, Darwin’s concept arose from ideas garnered from a number of scientists of his time. Some researchers of the time believed that natural laws were responsible for life. While Darwin’s ideas did not account for the processes believed to account for life at the time, there was a theory at the time thought to account for life. Most thought that species were transmuted from one species into another. The problem with transmutation, an idea that is similar to evolution in some respects, is that a species may change through transmutation, but it will still be the same species. A dog may change into a different type of dog, but it will still be a dog; likewise, for a cat or any other species. Evolution dictates that the entire animal kingdom can grow through stages from one species into another over time. Birds came from reptiles, mammals came from birds and humans came from non-humans. (Lewontin, 1981) The data is unequivocal. During his voyage on HMS Beagle, Darwin found fossil remains of gigantic mammals that were recently extinct with no indication that their extinction had been caused by climate changes or catastrophic events. Although he believed that the remains he found were related to species in Africa or Europe, examination of the remains Darwin found showed that they were only related to other species found only in the Americas. Creationists insist that life came about from God in six days. While most evolutionists attack creationism on the grounds of scientific facts, there is another line of evidence virtually unnoticed by those who support evolution theory. Historians and archeologists have learned that the biblical story of creation came from the myths of another culture. Stories presented in the Bible evolved slowly over time, long before religions existed, and incorporated tales from many cultures. The story of the Garden of Eden, the serpent and the Tree of Life, for example, are said to have been depicted on an Akkadian Cylinder Seal nearly 2500 years before Christ. The serpent itself was viewed as a deity. Notice: No one familiar with the mythologies of the primitive, ancient, and Oriental worlds can turn to the Bible without recognizing counterparts on every page, transformed, however, to render an argument contrary to the older faiths. In Eves scene at the tree, for example, nothing is said to indicate that the serpent who appeared and spoke to her was a deity in his own right, who had been revered in the Levant for at least seven thousand years before the composition of the Book of Genesis. There is in the Louvre a carved green steatite vase, inscribed c. 025 BC by King Gudaea of Lagash, dedicated to a late Sumerian manifestation of this consort of the goddess, under his title Ningizzida, Lord of the Tree of Truth. p. 9. The Serpents Bride. Joseph Campbell. Occidental Mythology, The Masks of God. Arkana. New York. Viking Penguin Books. 1964, 1991 reprint The information in the Old Testament dates from about 1450 BC until 200 BC. This means that, contrary to the strongly held beliefs of most Christians, the creation story of Genesis is actually derived from the myths of ancient Sumerians. Therefore, the story is a myth. This means that those who against Darwin’s ideas on religious grounds based on their beliefs in the accuracy of the story in Genesis have unknowingly chosen to accept myth over facts. While they believe the myth to be factual, archeological evidence demonstrates otherwise. The scientific evidence leans heavily in support of Darwin’s ideas. While we may not fully understand some aspects behind the mechanism of evolution, we are continuously learning more about those mechanisms. (Dobzhansky, 1973) Dobzhansky states: Let me try to make crystal clear what is established beyond reasonable doubt, and what needs further study, about evolution. Evolution as a process that has always gone on in the history of the earth can be doubted only by those who are ignorant of the evidence or are resistant to evidence, owing to emotional blocks or to plain bigotry. By contrast, the mechanisms that bring evolution about certainly need study and clarification. There are no alternatives to evolution as history that can withstand critical examination. Yet we are constantly learning new and important facts about evolutionary mechanisms. Theodosius Dobzhansky, â€Å"Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in Light of Evolution†, American Biology Teacher vol. 35 (March 1973) reprinted in Evolution versus Creationism, J. Peter Zetterberg ed. , ORYX Press, Phoenix AZ 1983. Darwin (1859) believed that whales evolved from bears based on a scenario where selective pressures might cause this evolution, but he was criticized for this idea and removed the suggestion. Gould, 1995) Today, there is much more fossil evidence for the evolution of many species thus supporting the idea of evolution as a general biological principle, including the evolution of whales from lower animals. Evidence in support of evolution exists at many levels. There is paleontological evidence based on fossils, morphological evidence that relate the body morphology of higher animals to lower animals, evidence from molecular biology and from embryology. Added to this, the chronological picture that results is consistent with other lines of evidence. For example, the evidence for the evolution of whales from lower animals is convincing. Whales have been closely studied with respect to evolution. If evolution is valid, transitional stages from one level of evolution to another should exist. Although the fossil remains of whales spotty for a long time, recent fossil discoveries have more than adequately lent support to the concept of evolution for whales. Researchers state that independent lines of evidence from different disciplines confirm the pattern of evolution in whales. John Ray recognized that whales were mammals rather than fish in 1693 based on their similarity to terrestrial mammals. (Barnes, 1984) In 1883, Flower (see Barnes, 1984) found that whales had vestigial characteristics in common with terrestrial mammals just as humans have vestigial tails, the coccyx. Findings similar to these led to the concept of ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. ’ This concept is briefly explained in further detail below. Flower (1883) recognized that the whales have persistent rudimentary and vestigial features characteristic of terrestrial mammals, thus confirming that the direction of descent was from terrestrial to marine species. On the basis of morphology, Flower also linked whales with the ungulates; he seems to have been the first person to do so. Today, we know that whales have vestigial features in common with lower animals. For example, they have vestigial olfactory nerve, protruding hind limbs, pelvic fins and diaphragms. Like humans, during embryological development, whales develop features similar to lower animals and abandon them as development progresses. During their development, there is also evidence that whales have terrestrial ancestors. Some whales even develop hair while in the womb although they do not retain it. In 1985, Goodman et al. demonstrated that whales are more closely related to ungulates than to other animals. (Goodman, 1985; Miyamoto and Goodman, 1986) Some studies have identified genes, enzymes and other proteins that connect whales to extinct animals. (Irwin et al. 991; Irwin and Arnason, 1994; Milinkovitch, 1992; Graur and Higgins, 1994; Gatesy et al, 1996; Shimamura et al. , 1997) We have already noted above that the creation story in the Bible was taken from the text of an ancient culture that predates the Hebrew account. Rather than to openly acknowledge that the Bible’s story of creation is a mythical legend that explains evolution and the appearance of life on ea rth, some religious groups resort to far-fetched, fictitious, generally ridiculous concepts such as ‘creationism’, ‘creation science’ and ‘intelligent design’ to dismiss or explain away the science and replace it with fantasy. Embryology and developmental biology have a concept, ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’, that simplifies and briefly but succinctly expresses the concepts presented in the first chapter of Genesis. This is like explaining a complicated scientific concept, take conception and birth for example, to a little child by using a fairy tale rather than detailed research information. The fairy tale is not accurate, but the general information it communicates is true. With this single phrase, the first chapter of Genesis is summarized and explained. The phrase means that the embryological processes of development, ontogeny, depict and encapsulate the evolutionary history of the species, phylogeny. For example, during development of the human embryo, the fetus briefly has gills and a tail like its phylogenetic ancestors. In other words, during development, the developing embryo goes through some of the same stages that humans went through as the species developed from lower animals to humans. The concept makes perfect sense and explains many aspects of human development. Obviously, we cannot provide a comprehensive review of the evidence support evolution in a few pages, and we certainly cannot provide realistic evidence against it in light of all that exists to support it. While the evidence in support of the evolution of whales is plentiful, much evidence exists for evolution in general, including in humans. As has been reported here, the evidence is not just from scientific research, but also from archeology and history. That evidence shows, among other things, that the biblical story of creation in Genesis predates the Bible by hundreds of years. Despite all the evidence in support of evolution and against the idea of the biblical creation as being anything more than a myth, we can be certain that the argument in support of the biblical creation as being the real story and representing the real facts will not go away. Humans being what we are, we will always be faced with living with the Genesis myth as if it were fact, and coping with those who insist that the earth all the universe was created in six literal days. That concept certainly will never go away no matter what facts exist to disprove it.

The Effects of Otitis Media with Effusion on Hearing Essay -- Medicine

The Effects of Otitis Media with Effusion on Hearing Millions of children visit their doctor each year for a problem that is commonly known as an ear infection, and countless others suffer silently because their symptoms are not recognized (Hemmer & Ratner, 1994). An inflammation of the middle ear and often the mastoid process and Eustachian tube is termed otitis media and is second only to the common cold as the most common illness of early childhood (Medley, Roberts, & Zeisel, 1995). Unlike the common cold, however, incidents of otitis media are often accompanied by temporary mild to moderate hearing loss and auditory deprivation (Finitzo, Gunnarson, & Clark, 1990). The American Academy of Pediatrics (as cited in Stewart, Anae, & Gipe, 1989) reports that growing evidence indicates a correlation between middle-ear disease with hearing impairment and delays in the development of speech and cognitive skills. These issues are of concern to physicians, educators, and parents of children who suffer regular occurrences of otitis media becau se the disease is most common during the period of early childhood when speech and language skills are developing (Roberts, Burchinal, Koch, Footo, & Henderson, 1988). One aspect of the illness that should be of particular concern is that some children suffer from otitis media without experiencing recognizable symptoms (Paden, 1994). These children may, therefore, never see a physician and may never receive the medical interventions necessary to clear the infection and restore normal hearing. Although the fluctuating hearing loss that accompanies the illness has long been recognized by researchers and other professionals in the field, recent research has indicated that the relationship betwe... ...es for the early childhood special educator. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 15(1), 44-64. Paden, E.P. (1994). Otitis media and disordered phonologies: Some concerns and cautions. Topics in Language Disorders, 14(2), 72-83. Peters, S.A., Grievink, E.H., van Bon, W.H., & Schilder, A.G. (1994). The effects of early bilateral otitis media with effusion on educational attainment: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(2), 111-121. Roberts, J.E., Burchinal, M.R., Koch, M.A., Footo, M.M., & Henderson, F.W. (1988). Otitis media in early childhood and its relationship to later phonological development. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53(4), 424-432. Stewart, J.L., Anae, A.P., & Gipe, P.N. (1989). Pacific Islander children: Prevalence of hearing loss and middle ear disease. Topics in Language Disorders, 9(3), 76-83.

Ethnic differences essay Essay

?Asses the claim that â€Å"ethnic differences in educational achievement are primarily the result of school factors† Most studies found that overall ethnic minorities tend to do less well than other members of the population when it comes to educational achievement. Many factors which occur inside the school are the cause of educational achievement however other factors contribute. The expectations of teachers on ethnic minorities have caused differences in educational achievement. Bernard Coard believes that teachers expect â€Å"Black† children to fail therefore labelling the child as a failure. Interactionalists are concerned with how teachers â€Å"pigeonhole† students this is the labelling theory, this is where the teacher makes a judgement of the child based on the child’s appearance, behaviour, previous family members and relationships with other students. However most labels are based on stereotypes rather than evidence, the reality is that once a label starts it is difficult to get rid of and this can cause problems for a student’s educational achievement. Teachers will discuss the students label in the staff room and other teachers will attach the same label to the child and this can lead to the child not being allowed to attend school trips. If a student is labelled as a failure by a teacher then the teacher is likely to put the student into a lower tier exam thus the pupil can only achieve a maximum of a grade C and can’t achieve to the best of their ability. When a student is labelled as a failure the student can begin to believe that the label is true and begin to make it part of their part of their identity, become a failure this is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy thus creating ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. David Hardgreves argues that anti school sub cultures can be formed as a result of negative labelling. However Maureen Stone and Swann both indicate that those who are labelled may not accept their labels. However many sociologists argue that it is external factors that affect ethnic differences in educational achievement. Cultural Deprivation is the term used to describe serious inadequacies in the socialisation process and its effects on educational achievement. Poor parenting means children underachieving in education. Many sociologists argue that ethnic minorities tend to be more fatalistic meaning that parents tend to have low aspirations and expectations for their child meaning less emphasis is placed on doing well in education. Whereas â€Å"White† middle classes would have high aspirations and high expectations. Socialisation focuses on the values, expectations and norms transmitted from parents to children. Children from Ethnic backgrounds tend to focus on immediate gratification where they try to reep their rewards at the earliest opportunity such as leaving school at 16 to earn money. Whereas â€Å"White† middle class children aim for a bright future described as deferred gratification which is putting off short term rewards to gain better rewards in the future. Cultural Deprivation can affect the way parents prepare their children for school. Working class children would sit and watch T. V. whereas middle class parents would take their children to museums. Driver and Ballard state that high achievement in Asian groups may be linked to the fact that they live in close knit families that can help each other. Price highlighted a high rate of single parent families in black Caribbean communities which may explain high underachievement. Nevertheless, some sociologists argue that it is internal factors which affect ethnic differences in educational achievement. Institutional Racism within schools can lead to educational achievement and the differences it causes within ethnic minorities. The â€Å"Swann report† found that a small number of teachers are consciously racist however there are a great deal of teachers who are â€Å"unintentionally† racist. Bernard Coard states that the British educational system makes children become educationally subnormal he states that â€Å"West Indian children are told that their language is second rate and unacceptable† he states that within the British educational system the word â€Å"White† is associated with â€Å"good† and the word â€Å"Black† with evil. Coard also states that the attitudes portrayed in the classroom are reinforced by the pupils outside of the classroom. Many sociologists would also argue that the mispronunciation of student’s names and not learning them can be classed as racism within the school system. Cecile Wright found that majority of staff are committed to ideals of equality but despite these ideals there are still considerable amounts of discrimination in the classroom. Asian children were often excluded from discussions and teachers expressed an â€Å"open disapproval of their customs and traditions†, these comments from teachers made Asian children feel more isolated from other pupils. Martin Hammersley found that racist comments in the staffroom did not lead to racism in the classroom. J. Taylor found that â€Å"most teachers are concerned to have a fair policy towards the treatment of black pupils†. Mac an Ghaill studied 25 afro Caribbean and Asian students studying A levels. He found that â€Å"although they disagreed over the extent of racism within education, this did not directly determine their attitude to education and their levels of academic success. The way that students responded to schooling varied and this was influenced by their ethnic group†. This could eventually lead to the formation of anti-school sub cultures. These are pupils who have rejected some or all of the values and rules set down in the school ethos. Peter Woods identified 8 different groups ranging from Ingratiation total conformity to Rebellion outright rejection of school rules and values. This can cause ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. However other factors such as linguistic skills affect this achievement. Linguistic Deprivation is the ability to use appropriate language which is an important factor in educational success. Bernstein came up with two codes of language Restricted and Elaborate codes. The Restricted code is used in casual situations. This is limited vocabulary and Simplistic grammar which can only be understood if you are aware of this topic. The Elaborate code is used in formal situations. This is sophisticated grammar and vocabulary and can be understood if aware of the topic. Bernstein found that White middle class children had the ability to switch between the two codes whereas children from ethnic minorities were limited to using the restricted code. This means they are severely disadvantaged in education where the language is all formal. In conclusion, it is probable that a number of factors work together in producing the lower levels of achievement found in some ethnic groups. The Swann report concluded that racial discrimination inside and outside school along with social deprivation were probably the main factors. Others would add that cultural factors also play some part in explaining the differences.

A drowning experience

Drowning Experience Tommy had Just learnt how to swim and was eager to demonstrate his newly acquired skills to his best friends. Immediately after school, he invited his friends, Gary and John, â€Å"Shall we go swimming at the crystal clear lake behind my flat tomorrow morning? † His friends nodded readily. Tom's mother had warned him about the dangers but his bursting desire to show off got the better of him and he simply cast her words to the winds. The next morning, the sun shone brilliantly across the glistening water, casting olden shadows dancing on the lake.The boys gathered punctually at the lake bank. They quickly stripped down to their swimming trunks and Jumped into the water. They waded merrily and frolicked in the water and laughed boisterously as the water hit their faces. Tommy suddenly made a suggestion, â€Å"Shall we compete and see who reach the other end of the lake first? † Before Tommy could finish his words, the other two boys had already taken up the challenge and started swimming right away. Just when Tommy was about to get ready, he felt an acute pain on his left thigh ut ignored it.However, seconds later, the pain accentuated and his left leg began to feel numb and heavy. Seized by panic, Tommy started thrashing in the water to stay afloat but he felt like a fast sinking ship and swallowed many gulps of water. Presently, he waved his hands frantically and screamed hysterically, â€Å"Help me! † Gary and John turned around and their blood froze at the hair-raising sight. Fortunately, they quickly got a grip on themselves and swam towards their distressed friend with very ounce of their strength.With Gary and John's concerted efforts, Tommy was finally dragged onto shore. However, Tommy's face had already turned ghastly pale and he was rendered unconscious. Worst, his leg was bleeding profusely. Without a moment to spare, Gary raced to pick up his shorts, ransacked its pockets and found his mobile phone. He immedi ately dialed for an ambulance. Shortly, the wail of the sirens could be heard. The paramedics bandaged Tommy's wound, lifted him onto a stretcher and carried im into the ambulance and it sped off.Gary also informed Tommy's mother. At the hospital, a doctor swiftly attended to Tommy. When Tommy's mother arrived, the doctor explained to her that Tommy was bitten by a sea snake and he had purged its venom from Tommy's body. Tommy's mother thanked Gary and John for their alertness and quick-wittedness. When Tommy finally came around, he teared uncontrollably, seeking forgiveness from his mother for his defiance. It was a close shave for Tommy and he would not forget that fateful day.

Crimes of Serial Killer Gary Michael Hilton

Crimes of Serial Killer Gary Michael Hilton Gary Michael Hilton is an American serial killer who  murdered and beheaded four hikers in Florida, North Carolina, and Georgia between 2005 and 2008. Hilton is sometimes referred to as the National Forest Serial Killer since most of his victims bodies were found in national parks. Although convicted in only four cases, he is believed to have committed many more killings. Trail of Death In January 2008, Hilton was sentenced to life in prison in Georgia for the death of Meredith Emerson, 24, of Buford, Georgia. After that case, authorities from Georgia, North Carolina, and Florida  began piecing together evidence left behind by a trail of bodies that fit Hiltons modus operandi.  He was subsequently charged with and convicted for three additional murders. In April 2011, Hilton received a Florida death sentence for the murder of 46-year-old Cheryl Dunlap. Two years later, in 2013, he was sentenced in North Carolina to four life sentences for the 2007 deaths of  John Bryant, 80, and Irene Bryant, 84. The Meredith Emerson Case On New Years Day 2008, 24-year-old University of Georgia graduate Meredith Emerson went hiking on Blood Mountain in the Chattahoochee National Forest with her dog Ella, which she had done on many previous occasions. This time, however, she failed to return from the hike. Witnesses remembered seeing Emerson talking with a gray-haired man who appeared to be in his sixties and had a red dog named Dandy. Emerson used her wits and martial arts training to fight off her attacker for four days, desperately trying to save her life.  Eventually, she suffered a blow to the head  that incapacitated her. Hilton killed her and left her decapitated body in the north Georgia mountains. After Emersons disappearance, investigators working the case found surveillance photos of Gary Michael Hilton trying to use Emersons ATM card. In February 2008, Gary Michael Hilton was indicted, pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to life in prison- all in a single day. The Cheryl Dunlap Case On April 21, 2011, Hilton was convicted for the February kidnapping, robbing, murder, and dismemberment of Cheryl Hodges  Dunlap, a 46-year-old Sunday school teacher from Crawfordville, Florida. Dunlaps decapitated body was discovered in the Apalachicola National Forest. Despite efforts to fight it, Hilton had been extradited to Florida to face charges for Dunlaps murder.  Hed avoided the death penalty in Georgia but would not be so lucky at his second trial. A Tallahassee jury of six women and six men deliberated for only one hour, 20 minutes before unanimously recommending a death sentence for the serial killer whod avoided execution in Georgia.   The John and Irene Bryant Case In April 2013, Hilton pleaded guilty and was sentenced to four additional life sentences in federal prison for kidnapping and murdering an elderly North Carolina couple in Pisgah National Forest in the Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina. Hilton had been camping scouting for potential victims before selecting and ambushing the Hendersonville couple who were out for a hike on October 21, 2007. He killed Irene Bryant using blunt force. Her body was later found by authorities several yards from where the couple had parked their car.  Hilton then kidnapped her husband, took his ATM card, and coerced him into providing his personal identification number to access money from an ATM. Mr.  Bryants body was found in  Nantahala National Forest. A day later, on October 22, 2007, Hilton used the Bryants’ ATM card in Ducktown, Tennesee, to withdraw $300. Federal authorities became involved with Hiltons prosecution after autopsy results showed that John Bryant died of a gunshot to the head from a .22 Magnum firearm. Other Possible Victims Hilton is believed to have killed Rossana Miliani, 26 and Michael Scot Louis, 27, among others. On December 7, 2005, Rossana Miliani disappeared while hiking in Bryson City. A shopkeeper told the police that Miliani, who appeared very nervous, came into her store with an older man who looked to be in his sixties. The witness reported that they purchased clothing and that the man told her he was a traveling preacher. It was later learned that Hilton had stolen  Milianis bank card and was trying to use it. Miliani was beaten to death but Hilton was not charged.   On December 6, 2007, the decapitated and dismembered body of Michael Scot Louis was found in Tomoka State Park near Ormond Beach, Florida. The Aftermath and Legacy Hilton remains on death row.  A judge delayed his appeal in the wake of a U.S. Supreme Court decision in January 2016 declaring Floridas death penalty law unconstitutional. In a chilling footnote to the case, it came to light that Hilton had once been involved in the development of a murder movie that bore similarities to the crimes for which he was eventually convicted. An Atlanta attorney, who also produces movies, revealed that in 1995, Gary Michael Hilton helped him come up with the plot for the film Deadly Run.

Strokes Used in Chinese Characters

Strokes Used in Chinese Characters The earliest forms of Chinese writing date from the Xia Dynasty (2070 - 1600 BC). These were etched on animal bones and turtle shells which are known as oracle bones. The writing on oracle bones is known as ç” ²Ã© ª ¨Ã¦â€"‡ (jiÄÆ'gÃ… ­wà ©n). Oracle bones were used for divination by heating them up and interpreting the resulting cracks. The script recorded the questions and answers. JiÄÆ'gÃ… ­wà ©n script clearly shows the origins of current Chinese characters. Although much more stylized than the current characters, jiÄÆ'gÃ… ­wà ©n script is often recognizable to modern readers. Evolution of Chinese Script The JiÄÆ'gÃ… ­wà ©n script consists of objects, people or things. As the need for recording more complex ideas arose, new characters were introduced. Some characters are combinations of two or more simpler characters, each of which can contribute a particular meaning or sound to the more complex character. As the Chinese writing system became more formalized, the concepts of strokes and radicals became its foundation. Strokes are the basic gestures used to write Chinese characters, and radicals are the building blocks of all Chinese characters. Depending on the classification system, there are about 12 different strokes and 216 different radicals. The Eight Basic Strokes There are many ways to classify strokes. Some systems find up to 37 different strokes, but many of these are variations. The Chinese character æ ° ¸ (yÇ’ng), meaning forever or permanence is often used to illustrate the 8 basic strokes of Chinese characters. They are: DiÇŽn, (é »Å¾/ç‚ ¹) DotHà ©ng, (æ © «) HorizontalShà ¹, (ç « ª) ErectGÃ… u, (é‰ ¤) HookTà ­, (æ  ) RaiseWÄ n, (Ã¥ ½Å½/Ã¥ ¼ ¯) Bend, curvePiÄ›, (æ’‡) Throw away, slantN, (æ  º) Pressing forcefully These eight strokes can be seen in the diagram above. All Chinese characters are composed of these 8 basic strokes, and knowledge of these strokes is essential for any student of Mandarin Chinese who wishes to write Chinese characters by hand. It is now possible to write in Chinese on the computer, and never write the characters by hand. Even so, it is still a good idea to become familiar with strokes and radicals, since they are used as a classification system in many dictionaries. The Twelve Strokes Some systems of stroke classification identify 12 basic strokes. In addition to the 8 strokes seen above, the 12 strokes include variations on GÃ… u, (é‰ ¤) Hook, which include: æ ¨ ªÃ©â€™ © Hà ©ng GÃ… uç «â€"é’ © Shà ¹ GÃ… uÃ¥ ¼ ¯Ã©â€™ © WÄ n GÃ… uæâ€"Å"é’ © Xià © GÃ… u Stroke Order Chinese characters are written with a codified stroke order. The basic stroke order is Left to Right, Top to Bottom but more rules are added as the characters become more complex.   Stroke Count Chinese characters range from 1 to 64 strokes. The stroke count is an important way to classify Chinese characters in dictionaries. If you know how to write Chinese characters by hand, you will be able to count the number of strokes in an unknown character, allowing you to look it up in the dictionary. This is a very useful skill, especially when the characters radical is not evident. Stroke count is also used when naming babies. Traditional beliefs in Chinese culture hold that a persons destiny in greatly influenced by their name, so great care is taken to choose a name that will bring good fortune to the bearer. This involves choosing Chinese characters that are in harmony with each other, and which have the proper number of strokes. Simplified and Traditional Characters Beginning in the 1950s, the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) introduced simplified Chinese characters to promote literacy. Close to 2,000 Chinese characters were altered from their traditional form, in the belief that these characters would be easier to read and write. Some of these characters are quite different from their traditional counterparts which are still used in Taiwan. The underlying principals of character writing, however, remain the same, and the same types of strokes are used in both traditional and simplified Chinese characters.

Scattering of Lamb Waves From Typical Structure Defects in Plates Essay

Scattering of Lamb Waves From Typical Structure Defects in Plates - Essay Example ure defects using piezoelectric transducer (PZT) sensors and 3-D Scanning Laser vibrometry and simulation the results by using Autodyne ANSYS is an important wildly recognized non-destructive evaluation SHM technique to locate, identify and quantify the structural damage and hence we can improve the survivability of mechanical structure. 1- The project work will be carried out first by reviewing the various research works and techniques involved in SHM including project related above mentioned non-destructive evaluation SHM technique with Autodyn ANSYS as simulation tool. The information obtained through literature review will further be used for practical work to study and investigate the various aspects of practical applications. 2- Since the practical work involved the application of 3D laser vibrometer in conjunction with Lamb wave technique to locate, identify and quantify typical structural damage like any crack, corrosion and dent, hence as next step I have to prepare test specimens. The test specimen can be a single aluminium plate having all three structural damages or three separate aluminium plates with different structural damage. For my experiment for the worse case situation, I have to prepare a single aluminium plate of 800 X 200 X 20 mm dimensions with all three defects i.e. crack, corrosion and dents as shown in following figure 1, 2 and 3 below. 3- My next step will be to fabricate the sensing devices to the specimen. Since I am using piezoelectric transducer (PZT) as sensors to Lamb wave through 3-D laser scanning hence I fabricate PZT to target

The Role of Social Institutions in Society Essay - 1

The Role of Social Institutions in Society - Essay Example The infrastructure of education uses a model of standardized testing and curriculum to ensure that students across the country share the same ideological framework. The education system is invasive because it controls the methodology through which individuals perceive history and the function of other institutions that make up the social nexus (Berger, 1966). For example, the dissemination of information regarding the history of mankind focuses on the history of nation states (Berger, 1966). This creates a society where individuals believe that the existence of a government is inevitable and are therefore not capable of perceiving a reality that extends beyond it. The deepest values of society are taught within this institution, from political organizations to capitalism. Regardless of the political party that individuals align with or the method through which they accumulate capital, they still value participation within these systems (Berger, 1966). Social values are shared by indi viduals who make up community. Such values help define the parameters of a culture and characterize the individuals within it. The educational system is an effective social institution that helps embed such values in growing citizens. As a social institution, the educational system is the most pervasive as well as the most effective at ingraining social values in individuals. Works Cited Berger, P. L. and T.

What have your experiences with writing been like Do you enjoy writing Essay

What have your experiences with writing been like Do you enjoy writing Why or why not Write a few paragraphs about your thoughts - Essay Example this stage became crucial in the sense that writing journal entries has developed my interest to explore with insights as drawn from personal experiences. Gradually I have gotten accustomed to noting down stories or encounters I suppose are worth my precious whiles and record, taking plenty of concrete and accurate details into account. In the process, I have felt a significant degree of improvement as I proceed writing with spontaneous fluidity of thoughts. Since I typically make it a point to use a thesaurus and acquire constant engagement in reading literature, I keep discovering ways to write in a more creative manner. With an increased level of creativity and enriched vocabulary, I observe being capable of effective self-expression when conveying sentiments and ideas through writing. Such joy and fascination leads me to establish writing as a hobby or a form of diversion by which to escape into a world of wonders and possibilities yet unknown. To an extent, it has even brought me to find delight in composing essays and poems I savor reading as well. If my own wealth had the capacity to afford a sauna house or facility for therapeutic spa then I would certainly buy one. Given a blank check, I would think of putting up a flower garden of my own design and choice of exotic flowers on the ground that besides love of nature, I believe that such remarkable setting fosters a stimulating atmosphere for the mind to indulge in tranquility and happy thoughts. It is essential for an individual to be able to generate a positive outlook in life especially in dealing with an unstable state of economy and technology-driven social affairs and one would only attain to this objective by deriving an inspiration from the beauty that is seen and felt inside and out. Finding a way out of complications is necessary indeed particularly whenever this situation in its complicatedness affects not only a person but even those around him who may be highly impacted by the negative vibes

Homicide Investigation Techniques Essay Example for Free

Homicide Investigation Techniques Essay Abstract Murder investigations are started when there is a suspicious death, there is precise steps that should be followed during a murder investigation. So that the case can be brought to court and prosecuted evidence is collected, suspects and witnesses are interviewed. The law enforcement personnel that participate in a murder investigation are individually trained to handle and process evidence; this includes protection of the crime scene and testifies in court. Definitions of homicides and manslaughter The two offenses that is classified, as homicide is murder and manslaughter; manslaughter is perpetrated in one of three ways; killing another individual with intent, but where compliance such as loss of control, decreased responsibility, or committing suicide by way of a concordat. Committing a crime where an individual is killed by gross negligence, gross given the risk of death and behavior in the form of an illegal act involving a danger that resulted in the death of another human. Murder or homicide is the illegal killing with malice and forethought of another human; this is usually considered a premeditated state of mind and separate murder from manslaughter, because the individual planned the murder with intention, (Osterburg, J. W. Ward, R. H. 2010). Crime Scene Assessment With the arrival of the first law enforcement officer at a crime scene, there are strict procedurals guidelines. The first officer to arrive at a crime scene tries to detain anyone that could be a witness/suspect. It is the responsibility of this officer to secure the crime scene to keep the crime scene from becoming contaminated and the loss of evidence. With the arrival of the investigator that will take charge of the crime scene, the officer will detail all information acquired from possible witness or suspects. The investigator will document the crime scene with pictures, sketches, notes and even video of the evidence and surrounding area. After the walk through, the investigator begins formulating a theory of the crime focusing on the progressions of events to include locations and positions of those present during the crime. All evidence is collected and sect to the lab for analysis, (Osterburg, J. W. Ward, R. H 2010). What is Victimology? Victimology is the study of issues interjecting to the intensification in victim perceptibility, characteristics and elements, persecution and its influences, and victim’s reactions to persecution. Through this scientist studies physical, expressive and monetary harm people suffer because of unlawful activities. Victims are individuals that experience loss, injury or hardship because of a criminal act. Victimology uses subjective approach to identify, define and describe the problems associated with being a victim (Karmen 2012). Conclusion Even with the most publicized crimes in the history of the Unites States Criminal Justice System, police can arrest, but they investigate first. The investigators must find out the cause of and time of death. Investigators define a successful homicide investigation as the one where a perpetrator is pinpointed, indicted and convicted of the crime.

Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome :: essays research papers

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is one of over 7000 known inherited diseases. It is an autosomal dominant disease that affects about 10% of the population.1 The history of VHL reaches back to 1864 when scattered reports of knots of blood vessels known as hemangioblastomas on the retina surfaced and were written up by opthamolagists. Eugene Von Hippel, a German opthamologist is credited with discovering the familial nature of the disease, however Swedish pathologist Arvid Lindau was the one who suggested that these hemangioblastomas are part of a larger "angiomatus [involving knots of blood vessels] lesion of the central nervous system." Additional reports of affected small families confermed Lindau's theory. In 1964, Melmon and Rosen summarized all knowlege of the disease and coined the name "Von Hippel-Lindau." The invention of ultrasound aided detection in the late 1970's, and by the mid 1980's, MRI was commonly used for detection of angiomas on the spine. In 1 993, the VHL gene was located by researchers at the National Cancer Institute. Patients with VHL suffer tumors known as angiomas (they are referred to as hemangioblastomas when discussing the retina, brain, or spinal chord and pheochromocytomas when discussing the adrenal glands) consisting of tiny knots of blood vessels. These angiomas can occur in the brain, spinal cord, retina, adrenal glands, kidney, pancreas, and very rarely in the epididymis is men and the fallopian tubes in women. Based on these manifestations, scientists have identified two types of VHL: 1) without pheochromocytoma 2) with pheochromocytoma. VHL type 2 has further been divided into two subcatagories: 2a) without pancreatic cysts 2b) with pancreatic cysts. VHL type 1 is the most common form of the disease. Scientists have also identified trends in race associated with manifestations of VHL: French families are most likely to have pancreatic cysts, German families are most likely to have pheochromocytomas, and Japanese families are more likely to have kidney tumors2. When hemangioblastomas form in the retina, they start out very small and difficult to detect. They tend to grow around the equator of the retina (See Fig 1), far from the area of central vision. A very indepth opthamological examination is required to detect hemangioblastomastomas of the retina. Once discovered, there are two main options for treatment: laser surgery or cryotherapy (freezing). The goal of these treatments is to keep the hemangioblastomas from growing. Hemangioblastomas in the brain and spinal cord can be a bit more dangerous. Early signs of a growth in these areas may include back pain, headaches, numbness, dizziness, and weakness or pain in the arms or legs.

Lago in Act 1 Scenes

Thus, by carrying out the role as a villain, he highlights the animalistic traits evident within people of the Venetian society. Although Iago is a white man who holds a fairly high status within Venetian society, he is crude and uncouth, often swearing and making references to the devil.By using he imagery of being â€Å"plague[ed] with flies†, he makes reference to the devil, which is extremely inappropriate for a man held win such high regard. Furthermore, through this example, he associates himself with darkness and evil despite being a white man-who are supposedly considered pure and heathen. Also, by using the symbolism of â€Å"an old black ram†, he again associates himself with darkness and the devil. The â€Å"old black ram† symbolises the devil, which has the connotations of being evil, dark, and terrible.Hence, making the distinction between light and darkness nclear and confusing, bringing to light the idea that darkness might be evident in light, and vice versa. Because Othello has defied his position in society as a black man by proving himself through his talents and his honourable actions, he is still discriminated by Iago, who voices out his disdain for him openly. He uses the symbolism of a â€Å"Barbary horse† to represent Othello.This is extremely demeaning to Othello, a man of royal lineage who has carried himself off with only the utmost integrity and honour. This shows hat although he has many merits and is regal in his actions and demeanour, he is still associated with the stereotype that all blacks are barbarians. Furthermore, the sibilance within â€Å"the gross clasps ofa lascivious Moor† highlights the sinister and libidinous traits that Blacks are stereotypically known to possess.This forms a disgusting impression of Othello, by simply Judging him according to his skin colour. Thus, through lagds characterisation of Othello through his ethnicity, he forms a racist impression of Othello and thus, is able to highlight the significance of one's thnicity and how difficult, if not impossible, this boundary is to surpass. By agitating Brabantio, Iago makes a fool of the high ranking senator, and this brings forth the idea that people in position of power might not be worthy of it.The run-on lines evident between â€Å"Sir, sir, sir-† and â€Å"But thou must need to be sure† shows how little Brabantio thinks of using his â€Å"spirit† and his â€Å"place† to punish Iago and Roderigo. This emphasizes the fact that people of power can carelessly make use of it to their own benefit. In Brabantio's case, he threatens to punish them as they have disturbed his rest.The triviality of their offence is mismatched with the threat that Brabantio has faced them with, showing that he has taken advantage of his power and thus, might not be worthy of it. Also, the run-on lines evident between â€Å"For thus does not think before acting. This is not appropriate for some one holding such a high position as he is expected to give thought before carrying out his actions, or the resultant effect of his carelessness might have great impact on society.Hence, Iago shows the inadequacy of Brabantio and through this, questions the significance of people's merits when being placed in power. Thus, through his mischief, Iago incites people to display their raw, animalistic traits, and displays his own as well. This results in the surfacing of problems within Venetian society that eventually accumulates to result in various tragedies. Hence, Iago is significant in masterminding the eventual tragedy, and the beginnings of this are evident in act 1 scene 1 and 2.

Literature Final

â€Å"Annabel Lee† stands as one of the most famous â€Å"death† poems of the nineteenth century, although it’s stature is certainly matched by Walt Whitman’s â€Å"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,† a poem which uses a number of   similar poetic devices, but rests upon an entirely different form. Like Poe’s most famous poem â€Å"The Raven,† his â€Å"other† famous poem â€Å"Annabel Lee† is steeped in musical diction and meter, with a view toward creating a lyric tension between the sweetness and musicality of the poem’s meter and form and the more profound and perhaps less idealized potency of the poems themes: which is human mortality. By combining technical precision with a theme of magnitude, Poe pursued his policy and prescription for poetic composition as outlined in his essays â€Å"The Poetic Principle† and the â€Å"Rational of Verse† â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition:† â€Å"the notions of his negligible ‘Philosophy of Composition' and ‘The Poetic Principle'. Its resources seem devices. Every effect seems due to an expedient. The repetend and the refrain are reliances with him — not instrumental, but thematic. At least they constitute rather than create the effect — which has therefore something otiose and perfunctory about it† (Foerster 239). The opening lines: â€Å"It was many and many a year ago/ In a Kingdom by the Sea† signal the intention not only to create a musical pattern with words as by the deliberate redundancy of â€Å"many and many† but also to posit and idealized world against that of grim reality. The repetition of many reveals that the ideal time of a â€Å"Kingdom by the Sea† has passed and this generates an immediate thematic tension. Similarly, Whitman’s poem begins with an evocation of time past: â€Å"When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom’d,/And the great start early dropp’d in the western sky in the night.† In both  poems, the hearkening back toward an idealized time first glimpsed at the poem’s beginning will recur throughout the body of the poem in both imagery and diction: in Poe’s poem, as an obvious refrain, in Whitman’s as a series of extended modulations of the original theme; with the free-verse poem flowing through many permutations of the original â€Å"lilac-nostalgia† imagery. It is worth noting that the formality of Poe’s stanza forms with carefully placed rhyme and  enjambment contrasts not only technically, but thematically, with Whitman’s sprawling free-verse form. The former carefully predicts the poem’s ending in the meter, the inevitable sway toward a definite conclusion, like fate. The latter’s form, loosed from metrical and rhyme constraints seems to â€Å"grow† rather than follow its inevitable almost mathematically destined end. The technical consequences are obvious: Poe’s poem will impress itself upon memory much more easily than Whitman’s and thus be received more organically; whereas Whitman’s (according to Poe’s doctrines) is apt to fascinate by virtue of individual images and lines. The thematic consequence is a different matter. Poe’s succinct and mathematical form serves to enhance the poem’s grave themes of personal loss and morning, sparking within the poem an indelible timelessness, an eternal melancholy, which is precisely the theme of the poem. One can imagine the poems meter and rhyme scheme quite easily projected into a musical melody without words which would result in much the same manner of â€Å"bright† misery. On the other hand, the free-verse   form of Whitman’s poem, were it projected as a musical number, might be more aptly described as an improvisational melody with a â€Å"pop† arrangement. The impact of the form on the theme of mortality, is to set in motion, the imagination’s perception that death contains within it motion, growing, an evolution of life and rebirth. â€Å"I mourn’d, and yet shall mourn with ever-returning spring.† This line with its conspicuous use of the word  Ã¢â‚¬Å"ever-returning† rather than â€Å"every†indicates the poem’s death-rebirth cyclical theme. Poe’s poem, by contrast, closes in a monochromatic, monotonic— one might say paralytic submission to death. Though there is a hint of release in the poem’s narrator rejoining his departed lover’s corpse, there is no indication of rebirth or of growth beyond this mutual oblivion. â€Å"In the sepulchre there by the sea,/In her tomb by the sounding sea.† This close is simultaneously an urge toward and away from death: but that ambiguity is trumped by the over-reaching reality of the â€Å"sea† which, in terms of the poem, indicates oblivion. At the close of Whitman’s poem, nature is viewed as sympathetic and in harony wiht the mourning of the observer; a cleansing and cathartic experience is implied. â€Å"For the sweetest, wisest soul of all my days and lands— and/this for his dear sake,/Lilac and star and bird twined with the chant of my soul,/There in the fragrant pines and cedars dusk and dim.† Rather than oblivion, nature offers brotherhood and renewal, as implied by the continuous symbol of the lilacs. Poe’s poem acknowledges and imparts the sense of life and death being in continuous friction â€Å"The angels not so happy in Heaven,?Went envying her and me† while Whitman vies death in life in continuous balance and integration â€Å"Come lovely and soothing death,/Undulate around the world. Serenely arriving, arriving,/In the day, in the night, to all, to each,/sooner or later delicate death.† Nothing could illustrate the contrast between the two poems and poets more than Whitman’s phrase â€Å"delicate death.† In â€Å"Annabel Lee, the delicate ones are the people, the humans who must succumb to death; for Whitman humanity is stronger than death and death is viewed as a part of the universal extension of human experience: it is delicate, not oppressive. This essential difference in the poems is reflected in their form and expression.   The more  controlled and fatalistic intonations of Poe and the â€Å"organic† reflective and lyrically introspective tribute by Whitman. In each case, the poet confronts the death of a beloved and reaches through their deep identification with the departed to a summation of the nature of death: for Poe is it everlasting oblivion, an for Whitman it is cyclical renewal. For both poets, the subject of human mortality provided fertile ground to create lasting poems that resonate across time. SECTION 2 Using a story each by Edgar Allen Poe and Washington Irving, describe how the Romantic writer used the supernatural to engage the reader’s imagination and then explain why Romantics were drawn to the supernatural Though many Gothic writers have earned a deserved reputation for a preoccupation with the supernatural, it is often the case that this same fascination, slanted toward the rational or â€Å"debunking† of commonly held superstitions and idea about supernatural forces, has been overlooked. Two good examples of this tendency are Washington Irving and Edgar Allen Poe, both of whom are well-revered as writers of â€Å"ghost stories† or â€Å"scary stories† which deal with the fantastic. However, both Poe and Irving posit a rational, anti-superstitious motif in their well-known stories: as a cases in point we may review â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† by Irving and â€Å"The Sphinx† by Edgar Allen Poe. â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,† rather than celebrating supernatural forces or positing them as actual forces at work in the real world, uses the idea or fallacious belief in supernatural forces to drive the story’s plot and them: â€Å"Irving's denial of the fantastic begins with The Sketch Book, and, although his strategy changes, the goal remains the same in all four works. John Clendenning has noted the debunking of the Gothic tradition in the three famous inserted stories of The Sketch Book: â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†, â€Å"The Spectre Bridegroom†, and â€Å"The Legend of SleepyHollow† (Brodwin 53). The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is based in â€Å"the uncanny,† a genre which allows the reader to decide â€Å"that the laws of reality remain intact and permit an explanation of the phenomena described. In this case, we know that it is really Brom Bones, not the Galloping Hessian, who has pursued Ichabod Crane†(Brodwin 54). This is seemingly an anti-romantic idea: de-emphasizing imaginary or delusional aspects for those drawn out of pure rationality. Similarly, Poe in â€Å"The Sphinx†posits opposite minded characters, confronted with an uncanny experience, one which disavows the supernatural, the other, the narrator who claims :†A favorite topic with me was the popular belief in omens— a belief which, at this epoch in my life, I was almost seriously disposed to defend.† This is opposite the attitude of Ichabod Crane who expresses a disbelief in supernatural forces, but harbors a secret fear of them. â€Å"Because there is already a legend about the Hessian, Ichabod's disappearance can be explained by recourse to the supernatural, although the schoolmaster's rivalry with Brom Bones over Katrina van Tassel is the obvious cause. Once again the possibility of the fantastic is raised for the sole purpose of being denied;† in this way, Irving emphasizes the role of rationality in a disordered world. â€Å"Such a strategy indicates that Irving was not just parodying the excesses of contemporary Gothic and romantic fiction, which can be commended† he was also attempting to magnify the scope of fiction as both philosophically and morally instructive (Brodwin 54) Poe’s â€Å"The Sphinx† also posits the possibility of a grand â€Å"supernatural†event, only forthe purposes of debunking it through rational faculties. â€Å"Poe was also a born humorist equally inspired by parody and self-mockery. In an anti-romantic vein so common among the popular humorists of his time, he enjoyed applying his acumen to deride the outpourings of emotions too often surging from mediocre fiction and poetry† (Royot 57). If â€Å"The Sphinx† can be profitably viewed as Poe’s gesture toward self-humor and also as a gesture toward the supremacy of rational thought over superstition it is no surprise. Other tales deal in this fashion with the same themes most notably the â€Å"Dupin† stories: Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Purloined Letter, and The Mystery of Marie Roget. But Poe also dealt with â€Å"ratiocination† in other celebrated stories such as â€Å"The Gold Bug† and â€Å"Maelzel’s Chessplayer. For Poe, it was possible for supernatural forces to exist, as well as for misapprehension of known forces for those of supernatural origin. However, as a plot device in fiction, Poe was notably against the sue of supernatural forces without organic cause:â€Å"Objecting to incredible or improbable elements in the narrative, Poe claims that unraveling a plot by awkwardly appealing to the supernatural constitutes an affront to artistic standards. This censure of Bird's idiosyncratic characters and extraordinary plot devices may seem like an early call for realism in fiction, but the review calls for more than minute attention to credible detail† (Ljungquist 9) In fact ‘The Sphinx† hardly reconciles its dichotomy of the known and unknown, the real and imagined: as a case in point we view his â€Å"explanation† for the apparition in the story, of the so-called Sphinx, which turns out to be nothing more than a beetle! However, the beetle in question posited as a scientific explanation for irrational experience is, in itself, a fancy of Poe’s! â€Å"Indeed, this synthetic bug is probably, through the story, the best known of all beetles, even if, like the â€Å"sea coast of Bohemia,† it never existed. Poe at times had almost an impish delight in the inaccuracy of unessentials. (Quinn 131) The appeal of the supernatural to Gothic and Romantic writers was both genuine and also as a sub-genre within to create cautionary tales regarding the integrity of human rationality in the face of what appear to be illogical, or supernatural occurrences. References Brodwin, S. (Ed.). (1986). The Old and New World Romanticism of Washington Irving. New York: Greenwood Press. Foerster, N. (Ed.). (1930). American Critical Essays, XIXth and XXth Centuries. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press. Ljungquist, K. P. (2002). 1 The Poet as Critic. In The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Hayes, K. J. (Ed.) (pp. 7-19). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Quinn, A. H. (1941). Edgar Allan Poe A Critical Biography. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Royot, D. (2002). 4 Poe's Humor. In The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Hayes, K. J. (Ed.) (pp. 57-70). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.